Фильтр статей по ключевому слову: thermodynamics RSS

About possibilities of physical unrealizability of cosmological and gravitational singularities in General Relativity and in Relativistic Gravithermodynamics

Sat, 02 May 2026 10:27:00 +0300

About possibilities of physical unrealizability of cosmological and gravitational singularities in General Relativity and in Relativistic Gravithermodynamics The possibility to avoid physical realizability of cosmological singularity (singularity of Big Bang of the Universe) directly in the orthodoxal general theory of relativity (GR) and in its improved version – the relativistic gravithermodynamics (RGTD) is substantiated. This can take place in the case of counting of cosmological time in frame of reference of coordinates and time (FR) not comoving with matter, in which by the Weyl hypothesis galaxies of the expanding Universe are motionless. The absence of any limitations of the value of mass of astronomical body, which self-contracts in the comoving with expanding Universe FR (CFREU), when it has hollow topological form in the space of CFEU and mirror symmetry of its intrinsic space, is shown. Because of this symmetry, both external and internal boundary surfaces of body are observed as convex. At that, in the “turned inside out” internal part of the intrinsic space (in the Fuller-Wheeler lost antiworld) unlike external part, instead of the phenomenon of expansion phenomenon of contraction of “internal universe” is observed. And there is antimatter instead of matter in this internal part of the space. Inevitability of self-organization in physical vacuum of spiral-wave structural elements, which correspond to elementary quasiparticles, and universal electromagnetic nature of all non-fictive quasiparticles are substantiated. Ultrahigh luminosity of quasars and certain types of supernovas is caused by annihilation of matter and antimatter. It is proved that only in the case of the joint application in the Universe of a physically homogeneous exponential scale of unified gravithermodynamic time and a dynamic gravitational field, which ensure the invariance in space and time of the vacuum velocity of light and the Hubble constant, is it possible to ensure not only ... Читать далее

Generalized equations of thermodynamics with nonspecific hidden variables

Tue, 09 Sep 2025 22:11:00 +0300

Generalized equations of thermodynamics with nonspecific hidden variables Abstract For the collective gravithermodynamic Gibbs microstates the connection between all thermodynamic potentials and parameters of matter have been found. This connection is realized with the help of four hidden wave functions that can take arbitrary values with certain probability. The possibility of obtaining the known equations of thermodynamic state of real gases is shown based on the use of both their the limit velocities of individual (separate) motion and the mathematical expectations precisely of these four nonspecific hidden parameters (wave functions) and functions of them. It is substantiated that in a quasi-equilibrium state, a real gas has spatial homogeneity not only of its entropy but also of the resulting extensive parameter (an indicator the compressibility coefficient). But the radial values of resulting intensive parameter (an indicator of hierarchical complexity and of quasi-equilibrium of cooling down) of a real gas are invariant in time. 1. Introduction Equations of state of matter are a necessary complement to the laws of thermodynamics. They allow the application of the laws of thermodynamics to specific substances and systems, since the laws of thermodynamics by themselves do not provide complete information about the state of the system. Equations of state cannot be derived from the laws of thermodynamics alone. They are obtained experimentally or theoretically, using ideas about the structure of matter, for example, methods of statistical physics. The most famous equations of state for real gases are the generalized Clapeyron–Mendeleev equation, the van der Waals virial equation (1873) [1], the Dieterici equation (1898) [2], the Berthelot equation (1900–7) [3], the Kamerlingh-Onnes virial equation (1901), the Beattie–Bridgeman equation (1927) [4, 5], the Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation (1940–42) [6 – 9], the Redlich–Kwong equation (1949) [10], the Soave–Redlich–Kwo ... Читать далее

SOLUTIONS OF THE STANDARD DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE DYNAMIC GRAVITATIONAL FIELD OF A FLAT GALAXY

Fri, 15 Aug 2025 23:41:00 +0300

SOLUTIONS OF THE STANDARD DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE DYNAMIC GRAVITATIONAL FIELD OF A FLAT GALAXY The solution to the gravitational field equations of a flat galaxy has been found. It is shown that at the edge of the galaxy the excessively strong ordinary (unreduced) centrifugal pseudo-forces of inertia are compensated mainly by centripetal pseudo-forces of evolutionary self-contraction of matter in the background Euclidean space of expanding Universe, and not by the weak gravitational pseudo-forces at the edge of the galaxy. The strength of the dynamic gravitational field of spiral and other flat (or superthin) galaxies, according to their two-dimensional topology, is inversely proportional to the radial distance, not to its square. And this is the case, despite the inverse proportionality of the strength of individual gravitational fields of all spherically symmetric astronomical objects of the galaxy exactly to the square of radial distance. The general solution of the equations of the gravitational field of the galaxy with an additional certain parameter n is found. At possible values of n < 1, the velocity of the orbital motion of stars is slightly less than the highest possible velocity even at the edge of the galaxy. According to the General Relativity (GR) equations and the Relativistic Gravithermodynamics (RGTD) equations, the configuration of the dynamic gravitational field of a flat galaxy in a quasi-equilibrium state is standard (canonical in RGTD). That is because it is not determined at all by the spatial distribution of the average mass density of its non-continuous matter. After all, this spatial distribution of the average mass density of the galaxy's matter is itself determined by the standard configuration of its dynamic gravitational field. The standard value of the average density of mass of matter at the edge of a galaxy is determined by the cosmological constant Λ and by the difference between unity and the maximum value of the parameter ... Читать далее

General equations of the flat galaxy dynamic gravitational field that correspond to reality

Fri, 15 Aug 2025 23:24:00 +0300

General equations of the flat galaxy dynamic gravitational field that correspond to reality The solution to the gravitational field equations of a flat galaxy has been found. It is shown that at the edge of the galaxy the excessively strong ordinary (unreduced) centrifugal pseudo-forces of inertia are compensated mainly by centripetal pseudo-forces of evolutionary self-contraction of matter in the background Euclidean space, and not by the weak gravitational pseudo-forces at the edge of the galaxy. The strength of the dynamic gravitational field of spiral and other flat (or superthin) galaxies, according to their two-dimensional topology, is inversely proportional to the radial distance, not to its square. And this is the case, despite the inverse proportionality of the strength of individual gravitational fields of all spherically symmetric astronomical objects of the galaxy exactly to the square of radial distance. The general solution of the equations of the gravitational field of the galaxy with an additional certain parameter n is found. At possible values of n < 1, the velocity of the orbital motion of stars is slightly less than the highest possible velocity even at the edge of the galaxy. According to the General Relativity (GR) equations and the Relativistic Gravithermodynamics (RGTD) equations, the configuration of the dynamic gravitational field of a galaxy in a quasi-equilibrium state is standard (canonical in RGTD). That is because it is not determined at all by the spatial distribution of the average mass density of its non-continuous matter. After all, this spatial distribution of the average mass density of the galaxy's matter is itself determined by the standard configuration of its dynamic gravitational field. The standard value of the average mass density of matter at the edge of a galaxy is determined by the cosmological constant Λ and the difference between unity and the maximum value of the parameter bc. And it is a non-zero standard value, ... Читать далее

SOLUTIONS OF THE STANDARD DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE DYNAMIC GRAVITATIONAL FIELD OF A GALAXY

Fri, 13 Jun 2025 20:49:00 +0300

SOLUTIONS OF THE STANDARD DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE DYNAMIC GRAVITATIONAL FIELD OF A GALAXY Danylchenko, Pavlo Research and Production Enterprise "GeoSystem" Vinnytsia Ukraine, pavlo@vingeo.com In the tensor of energy-momentum of the relativistic gravithermodynamics (RGTD) not only intranuclear pressure pN but also intranuclear temperature TN is taken into account [1 – 3]: , (1) where: and ac are the parameters of the dynamic gravitational field equations of the non-continuous matter of the galaxy; , , , , , , , , and are molar and intranuclear volume of matter, respectively; W and E are the ordinary internal energy and inert free energy of matter, respectively. In addition, according to the RGTD equations, the configuration of the dynamic gravitational field of a galaxy in a quasi-equilibrium state is standard (canonical in RGTD). Because it is not determined at all by the spatial distribution of the average mass density of its non-continuous matter. After all, this spatial distribution of the average mass density of the galaxy's matter is itself determined by the standard configuration of its dynamic gravitational field: , (2) where the parameter S can be conditionally considered as the distance from the event pseudo-horizon. The trivial solution of this equation, which takes place at: does not correspond to physical reality. After all, because of at r≠0, the solution does not imply the presence of event pseudo-horizon in the frame of references of coordinates and time (FR) of matter. And the parameter bc, unlike the parameter ac, does not depend on the gravitational radius rg. And therefore, gravity is absent in the FR corresponding to this trivial solution. According to the non-identity of the gravitational and inert masses of matter we find the square of the rotation velocity of astronomical object relatively to the galaxy center according to the equations (2, 3) of gravitational field of RGTD: (3) As we can see, at the same radial distribution o ... Читать далее

FOUNDATIONS OF RELATIVISTIC GRAVITHERMODYNAMICS 6th

Tue, 13 May 2025 18:41:00 +0300

FOUNDATIONS OF RELATIVISTIC GRAVITHERMODYNAMICS The cardinal difference between relativistic gravithermodynamics (RGTD) and general relativity (GR) is that in RGTD the extranuclear thermodynamic characteristics of matter are used in the tensor of energy-momentum to describe only its quasi-equilibrium motion. For the description of the inertial motion in RGTD only the hypothetical intranuclear gravithermodynamic characteristics of matter are used. Exactly this fact allows avoid the necessity of non-baryonic dark matter in the Universe in principle. Evolutionary self-contraction of microobjects of lower layers of gravithermodynamically bonded matter outpaces the similar self-contraction of its upper layers. This is the exact reason of the curvature of intrinsic space of matter. That is why gravitational field itself should be primarily considered as the field of spatial inhomogeneity of evolutionary decreasing of the size of matter microobjects in the background Euclidean space of expanding Universe. In correspondence to this the gravitational field itself is the field of spatial inhomogeneity of gravithermodynamic state of dense matter of compact astronomical objects, as well as of strongly rarefied gas-dust matter of space vacuum. And, therefore, the gravitational field fundamentally cannot exist without matter. That is why it is not an independent form of matter. It is shown that equations of the gravitational field of GR should be considered as equations of spatially inhomogeneous gravithermodynamic state of only utterly cooled down matter. This matter can only be the hypothetical substances such as ideal gas, ideal liquid and the matter of absolutely solid body. The real matter will be inevitably cooling down for infinite time and never will reach the state that is described by the equations of gravitational field of the GR. Only conditional identity of inertial mass of moving matter to its gravitational mass only by gravity-quantum clock, which is located in the ... Читать далее

General equations of the galaxy dynamic gravitational field that correspond to reality

Sun, 11 May 2025 12:46:00 +0300

General equations of the galaxy dynamic gravitational field that correspond to reality P Danylchenko SPE "GeoSystem", Vinnytsia, Ukraine E-mail: pavlodanylchenko@gmail.com Abstract The general solution of the equations of the gravitational field of the galaxy with an additional variable parameter n is found. The additional variable parameter n determines in General Relativity the distribution of the average mass density mainly in the friable galactic nucleus. The velocity of the orbital motion of stars is close to Keplerian one only for n > 225. At n < 215, it is slightly less than the highest possible velocity even at the edge of the galaxy. According to the Relativistic Gravithermodynamics (RGTD) equations, the configuration of the dynamic gravitational field of a galaxy in a quasi-equilibrium state is standard (canonical in RGTD). That is because it is not determined at all by the spatial distribution of the average mass density of its non-continuous matter. After all, this spatial distribution of the average mass density of the galaxy's matter is itself determined by the standard configuration of its dynamic gravitational field. The standard value of the average mass density of matter at the edge of a galaxy is determined by the cosmological constant Λ and the difference between unity and the maximum value of the parameter bc. And it is a non-zero standard value, despite the gravitational radius at the edge of a galaxy takes the zero value. Therefore, in Relativistic Gravithermodynamics, in contrast to General Relativity, there can be no shortage of baryonic mass. Keywords: General Relativity, Kepler's law, galaxy, gravitational potential, non-baryonic dark matter, orbital velocity, Relativistic Gravithermodynamics. 1. Logarithmic gravitational potential Physical laws are based only on increments of metrical distances and not on increments of coordinates. Therefore, gravitational field strength k is determined via its gravitational potential φ in t ... Читать далее

FOUNDATIONS OF RELATIVISTIC GRAVITHERMODYNAMICS 5th

Sat, 17 Aug 2024 15:55:00 +0300

FOUNDATIONS OF RELATIVISTIC GRAVITHERMODYNAMICS[1] Danylchenko, Pavlo[2] Research and Production Enterprise "GeoSystem" (Vinnytsia, Ukraine) The cardinal difference between relativistic gravithermodynamics (RGTD) and general relativity (GR) is that in RGTD the extranuclear thermodynamic characteristics of matter are used in the tensor of energy-momentum to describe only its quasi-equilibrium motion. For the description of the inertial motion in RGTD only the hypothetical intranuclear gravithermodynamic characteristics of matter are used. Exactly this fact allows avoid the necessity of nonbarionic dark matter in the Universe in principle. Evolutionary self-contraction of microobjects of lower layers of gravithermodynamically bonded matter outpaces the similar self-contraction of its upper layers. This is the exact reason of the curvature of intrinsic space of matter. That is why gravitational field itself should be primarily considered as the field of spatial inhomogeneity of evolutionary decreasing of the size of matter microobjects in the background Euclidean space of expanding Universe. In correspondence to this the gravitational field itself is the field of spatial inhomogeneity of gravithermodynamic state of dense matter of compact astronomical objects, as well as of strongly rarefied gas-dust matter of space vacuum. And, therefore, the gravitational field fundamentally cannot exist without matter. That is why it is not an independent form of matter. It is shown that equations of the gravitational field of GR should be considered as equations of spatially inhomogeneous gravithermodynamic state of only utterly cooled down matter. This matter can only be the hypothetical substances such as ideal gas, ideal liquid and the matter of absolutely solid body. The real matter will be inevitably cooling down for infinite time and never will reach the state that is described by the equations of gravitational field of the GR. Only conditional identity of inertial mass ... Читать далее

FOUNDATIONS OF RELATIVISTIC GRAVITHERMODYNAMICS 4th edition

Sat, 04 May 2024 11:29:00 +0300

FOUNDATIONS OF RELATIVISTIC GRAVITHERMODYNAMICS The cardinal difference between relativistic gravithermodynamics (RGTD) and general relativity (GR) is that in RGTD the extranuclear thermodynamic characteristics of matter are used in the tensor of energy-momentum to describe only its quasi-equilibrium motion. For the description of the inertial motion in RGTD only the hypothetical intranuclear gravithermodynamic characteristics of matter are used. Exactly this fact allows avoid the necessity of nonbarionic dark matter in the Universe in principle. Evolutionary self-contraction of microobjects of lower layers of gravithermodynamically bonded matter outpaces the similar self-contraction of its upper layers. This is the exact reason of the curvature of intrinsic space of matter. That is why gravitational field itself should be primarily considered as the field of spatial inhomogeneity of evolutionary decreasing of the size of matter microobjects in the background Euclidean space of expanding Universe. In correspondence to this the gravitational field itself is the field of spatial inhomogeneity of gravithermodynamic state of dense matter of compact astronomical objects, as well as of strongly rarefied gas-dust matter of space vacuum. And, therefore, the gravitational field fundamentally cannot exist without matter. That is why it is not an independent form of matter. It is shown that equations of the gravitational field of GR should be considered as equations of spatially inhomogeneous gravithermodynamic state of only utterly cooled down matter. This matter can only be the hypothetical substances such as ideal gas, ideal liquid and the matter of absolutely solid body. The real matter will be inevitably cooling down for infinite time and never will reach the state that is described by the equations of gravitational field of the GR. Only conditional identity of inertial mass of moving matter to its gravitational mass only by gravity-quantum clock, which is located in the ... Читать далее

THE SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS OF GRAVITATIONAL FIELD FOR QUANTUM QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM COOLING DOWN GASES

Thu, 29 Dec 2022 11:59:00 +0300

THE SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS OF GRAVITATIONAL FIELD FOR QUANTUM QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM COOLING DOWN GASES The quantum equation of gravitational field have been found, the solutions of which set the spatial distribution of gravitational radius of matter in its every new gravithermodynamic (GTD) state with the polynomial function with the next more high degree. The indicator of the degree of this function of continuously cooling down matter can successively take only integer and semi-integer values. That is why the process of cooling down of the whole GTD-bonded matter is the quantum process that is caused by its spontaneous transition to the polynomial function with more high value of degree and, therefore, to the next quantum state. Due to the fact that the whole gravithermodynamically bonded matter forms the collective spatial-temporal microstates (Gibbs microstates) the spatial integration of equations of gravitational field has the physical sense only for the specific moment of intrinsic time of matter and only in the (inseparable from it) intrinsic space. Exactly the cardinal absence of the velocity of motion of matter in integrated equations makes the problem of relativistic invariance of thermodynamical parameters and potentials of matter non-actual. Since in quasiequilibrium cooling down clusters of homogenous gas the functions of time and of rigidly related to cooling down gas radial coordinate () perform the time-like gas parameter and the indicator of hierarchic complexity of gas correspondingly, the spatial integration of equations of its gravithermodynamic state should be performed for the same value of parameter while the temporal integration should be performed for the same value of indicator of hierarchic complexity of any concrete microvolume of the gas. Given this, the gas cluster that is cooling down in quasi-equilibrium can be matched in general relativity (GR) to thermodynamic frame of references (FR) that corresponds to Schwarzschild parameters of ... Читать далее