UDC 903.2

The article is devoted to the problem of co-existence of various Middle Paleolithic variants at the beginning of the last Glaciation (OIS 5) in southwestern Eastern Europe. Three archaeological complexes from the cultural layers of the sites of Ketrosy, Shipot-2 and Osypka located in the middle Dniester river valley in the Chernivtsi region are considered. Ukraine. The complexes studied by the author belong to the deposits of the floodplain facies of the alluvium of the second above-floodplain terrace of the river. The deposits, according to the unanimous opinion of geologists who studied this region, belong to the very beginning of the Wurm (last) glaciation, which corresponds to stages c and d of the oxygen-isotope stage (OIS) 5, i.e. older than 100 thousand years ago. Stone industries represent two different variants of the Middle Paleolithic and refute the hypothesis of Ukrainian colleagues about the uniformity of the existing Middle Paleolithic region.

Key words: Late Pleistocene, Middle Paleolithic strata, south-west of Eastern Europe, Dniester Valley, floodplain alluvium.

Introduction

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the study of the Early and Middle Paleolithic of Eurasia showed a significant increase in the source base and significant progress in the development of issues related not so much to Paleolithic archaeology as to related sciences studying natural processes in the Pleistocene. This knowledge significantly expanded the understanding of the history of the development of the culture of the oldest people who lived in the Eurasian space in the Quaternary period. First of all, this applies to the neighboring territories of Crimea and Middle Transnistria, where Paleolithic monuments are numerous and well-studied. Here, thorough interdisciplinary research was conducted on a number of reference monuments, which allowed us to formulate and raise a number of important scientific problems. The results of these studies have turned out to be very popular right now due to new and interesting scientific developments of Ukrainian colleagues [Sitnik, 2000; Chabai, 2003, 2004; Stepanchuk, 2006].

It is necessary to focus on the problem of adaptation of the Middle Paleolithic people to the unstable natural conditions of the first half of the late Pleistocene. It is known that the relatively favorable natural conditions established for the first half of the last glaciation (oxygen-isotope stage (OIS) 5) were interrupted by a very cold stadial (OIS 4) lasting approx. 10 Ka, which is identified by some Russian geologists as the "Kalinin glaciation" (Lavrushin, Spiridonova, Kholmovoy, 2002). According to their data, the climatic conditions of this time are comparable to a serious natural disaster [Ibid., pp. 144-145].

The work was carried out within the framework of the program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences " Adaptation of peoples and cultures to changes in the natural environment, social and man-made transformations "(P-21), the project "Adaptation of Middle/Upper Paleolithic cultures of Eastern Europe to changes in natural and climatic conditions".

Some researchers of the Paleolithic of Ukraine considered this problem on the example of the Crimea and the more northern territory of Transnistria, where identical (in their opinion) stone industries of the Levallois-Mousterian appearance were identified (Chabai, 2003, 2004; Stepanchuk, 2006, pp. 148-149). According to the conclusion of these experts, in the relatively warm periods of the beginning of the late Pleistocene, corresponding to OIS 5, the population of Transnistria increased significantly, and in the cold periods (OIS 4)-significantly decreased, in particular, due to migration to the south-to the Crimean Peninsula. They also concluded that at the time corresponding to OIS 5, stone industries belonging mainly to Levallois-Moutier were represented in Pridnestrovie (Chabai, 2003, 2004; Kulakovska, 2003). This conclusion does not correspond to the data that suggest that at least two different groups of Paleolithic industries co-existed in the middle reaches of the Dniester River during the Mousterian period during the Early Wurm [Anissutkine, 2001; Anissutkine, 1990, pp. 730-733]. This conclusion is confirmed by stratigraphic observations. For example, materials from the Ketrosy, Shipot-2, and Osypka localities (stone tools from floodplain alluvium II deposits in the above-floodplain terrace of the Dniester River) are generally geologically dated to the very beginning of the Wurm (no later than Amersfoort) [Ivanova, 1977, 1982; Veklich, 1968; Bolikhovskaya, 1995; Adamenko et al., 1996; Bogutsky et al., 2003; et al.].

It is important to emphasize that the considered scientific hypothesis of my colleagues is based on very controversial dates for the main part of the regional Middle Paleolithic monuments, which are based mainly on geochronology developed from the materials of Podillia and Upper Pridnestrovie (Sitnik, 2000; Chabai, 2003, 2004; Kulakovska, 2003; Stepanchuk, 2006). Data on the geochronology of Middle Transnistria are used selectively. In particular, some dates are accepted uncritically (Molodovskoe Levallois-Moustye is attributed to the Brerupian stage) and others are completely ignored (Chabai, 2003, p. 82), established for such a reference monument with a unique stratigraphy as Ketrosy (Anisyutkin, 2001), which was studied by specialists of related scientific disciplines (Ivanova, Bolikhovskaya,2003). Rengarten, 1981].

As for the dates for the actual Middle Paleolithic monuments of Podillia and Upper Transnistria, not all of them are so indisputable. For example, when assigning the lower layer 3 of the Ezupol site to the Riss-Wurm interglacial period, it is not taken into account that the so-called interglacial fossil soil (cultural layer 3 is associated with it) lies above the alluvium of the second above-floodplain terrace of the Dniester River (Sitnik, 2000), which cannot possibly be older than the last interglacial period. The overwhelming majority of specialists in Quaternary geology [Ivanova, 1977; 1982; Veklich, 1968; Pokatilov and Bukatchuk, 1989, p. 88; Bolikhovskaya, 1995; Adamenko et al., 1996; Bogutsky, Sitnik, Dmitruk, 2003; et al. only the Ruslovian facies of the alluvium of this terrace belongs to the Mikulinsky or Riess-Wurm interglacial period. The overlying deposits, including loess and fossil soils, already correspond to the Valdai or Wurm time. It is significant that this" interglacial " soil in Yezupol, at the base of which layer 3 is revealed, is considered by a number of Quaternary geologists who were familiar with the site section to be Early Wurmian (Bogutsky, Sitnik, and Dmitruk, 2003, p.66). In this regard, the stratigraphic position of such a "reference" object as the Pronyatin site, which is attributed to the very beginning of the Wurm (OIS 5), remains unclear. It is possible to take as a basis the date of this monument proposed by L. V. Kulakovskaya - the early pleniglacial corresponding to OIS 4 (Kulakovskaya, 2003). In this regard, it should be recalled that, according to the materials of research conducted by an international expedition at the Molodova-5 site recently, the age of deposits of the lowest layer 12 corresponds to the Middle Wurm (OIS 3), and not to the Brerup, as previously thought. Proponents of keeping the previous, earlier date probably don't notice the obvious inconsistencies. In particular, the data on the fauna composition and vegetation character determined for layers 4 and 5 of the Molodov-1, -5, -11, and -12 sites do not agree with the data obtained for the Brerup fossil soil at the Ketrosy site.

The proposed work will focus on the monuments of Ketrosy, Shipot-2 and Osypka (Fig. 1).

Overview of archaeological materials

Ketros. The parking lot is located in the Khotyn district of Chernivtsi region. Ukraine, near the formerly existing village of Darabans (Anisyutkin, 1981, 2001). The site is located on the right bank of the Dniester River, on a fragment of the second above-flood terrace of the Kishlyansky Yar side tributary (Ivanova, 1981; Ivanova, Bolikhovskaya, and Rengarten, 1981, p. 152). This terrace, which has a small extension, is leaning against a higher and more common in this area, the fourth above-floodplain terrace of the Dniester. "The roof of its base has a height of about 10 m above the low-water level of the Dniester, slightly rising into the valley" [Ivanova, Bolikhovskaya, Rengarten, 1981, p. 152]. The Quaternary sediments clearly show a well-preserved cultural layer and several sediments of the same type.

Figure 1. Map-layout of the main monuments of the Middle and Early Paleolithic in the territory of Middle Transnistria and Northern Moldova.

1-Stinka-1-4, Osypka; 2-Ketrosy, Shipot-1-3, Kishlyansky Yar; 3-Molodova-1, -5; 4-Korman IV; 5-Horobra; 6 - Vyhvatinci grotto; 7 - Bobulesti-5; 8 - Butesti grotto; 9-Starye grotto Duruitori; 10 - Mersyna, 11 - Buzduzhany grotto-1; 12 - Trinka grottoes-1 - 3; 13 - Yarovo; 14 - Ripicheni-Izvor.

2. Section of the southern wall of excavation 2 of the Ketrosy Site.

1-soil and vegetation layer; 2-modern soil; 3-yellowish-gray carbonate loam; 4-black humus layer; 5-fossil soils; 6-calcareous nodules; 7-humus layers of the lower soil; 8 - interlayers of light fine sandy deposits; 9-yellowish-brown loam; 10 - sandy loam with a greenish-brown tint; 11 - numbers of excavation squares; 12-cultural layer.

horizons with finds of stone tools and fossil animal bones.

The stratigraphy of this most important section of Eastern Europe, which contains well-represented Wurm-beginning deposits (OIS 5), is given from the southern wall of Excavation 2 (Fig:

1. A black sod layer representing the soil of the Holocene time. Power from 0.2 to 0.3 m.

2. Loess-like loam, calcareous, yellow-gray in color, separated by a thin humus layer of black color with a thickness of 5 cm. The total loam thickness is from 0.6 to 0.9 m.

3. Brown humusized loam. Power from 0.25 to 0.30 m. It includes individual flint products of mousterian appearance and fragments of mammoth bones.

4. Loess-like loam, calcareous, yellowish-gray in color. Power from 0.4 to 0.65 m.

5. Dark brown loam is the average fossil soil; its upper part is flat, and the lower part is ragged, in the form of wedges that penetrate deep down to the base of the lower fossil soil. The thickness of the soil, in the lower part of which mammoth and horse bones were found, as well as individual flint products of Mousterian appearance and a cluster of wood embers, is from 0.4 to 0.8 m.

6. Loess-like loam, similar to layer 4. The thickness reaches almost 1.5 m.

7. The uniform thickness of the lower fossil soil, represented in the lower half by three humus horizons of dark color, is broken in some places by cracks traced from the base of the above-average fossil soil (layer 4). These horizons are separated from each other either by thin layers of brown color, or lenses of yellow sand. The latter record periods of destruction of the fossil soil presented at excavation 1 in two distinct levels. A fragment of the lower jaw of a woolly rhinoceros was found in the lower humus layer. The total thickness of the soil column is from 0.35 to 0.6 m.

8. Yellowish-brown loam, in the upper part of which is the main cultural layer of the Mousterian period. The total thickness of this lithological layer is approx. 0.4 m.

9. Sandy loam and sandy loam of greenish-gray color. In the lower part, inclusions of small pebbles can be traced and partially

3. A complex of floodplain deposits of the Ketrosy site.

1 - triangular hand chopper; 2 - single - site core; 3 - single - site levallois core; 4 - fan-shaped levallois core; 5-chopper; 6-multi-site core; 7-flint pebble chopping.

rolled rubble. The layer contains isolated fragments of mammoth bones and individual flint products. According to geologists [Ibid.], the layer is represented by floodplain alluvium. The total thickness of deposits reaches 1 m.

On the rock base lies a low-power layer of pebbles with partially rounded rubble with a thickness of up to 0.2 - 0.25 m.

Thus, the lower horizons located under the main cultural layer are associated with deposits of the floodplain facies of the alluvium of this terrace. The deposits were uncovered in a small area in Excavations 1 and 2. Some flint products were found in the quarry-destroyed deposits of the northern site of the site (northern complex 3). Several objects were found in a small clearing area in the area of the hand chopper discovery, which was revealed in Quaternary deposits south of excavation 1, lying directly on a low-power Ruslov alluvium overlain by greenish-gray sandy loam.

These floodplain deposits contain Middle Paleolithic flint products and individual bones of fossil animals, including mammoths (David, 1981). There is no pronounced cultural layer found, and all items are in a displaced position. The preservation of the surface of flint artefacts varies: in the destroyed northern complex and the neighboring excavation 2, which are located closest to the Dniester, there are mainly slightly rounded objects; in the excavation 1 located to the south, in the area of a small clearing upstream, where a chopper was found, there are no rounded objects. All artifacts have no patina.

The collection consists of 26 flint objects, including a hand chopper, a massive scraper-knife with a natural edge, four nuclei, a chopper on a flint tile, a chopper on a pebble, 18 flakes and plates, including products with signs of secondary processing. Black stratified flint and chalk flint were used as raw materials; only two products were made from the latter-chopping, made on small flint pebbles, and levallois plate flake. This raw material is local. Stratified flint was extracted from the bedrock of a high terrace, against which a fragment of the second terrace containing the finds is leaning, and gray pebble flint was collected in the river alluvium of the Dniester. A piece of gray siltstone sandstone was used as a preparation for a hand chopper (Figs. 3, 7). The artifact was discovered in 1974 in a stripped outcrop. A residual single-site nucleus and a lamellar flake were also found here (Fig. 3, 2; 4, 5).

Of particular interest is a large knife-shaped tool with a butt, which can be interpreted as a Keilmesser, but with elements of unilateral processing (Figs. 4, 4). The object was found on the site of the northern complex 3 destroyed by the collective farm quarry. The tool was located in the roof of sandy loam corresponding to floodplain alluvium, so it is attributed to a single complex associated with the lower sediments level. The underlying sediments, including the lower fossil soil and cultivated loam, were bulldozed and tipped down. Flint products and bones of fossil animals (mammoth, bison, horse) from the destroyed cultural layer were found lower down the slope, in the Kishlyansky Yar riverbed.

The collection of finds from floodplain deposits undoubtedly dating back to the Dobrorupian period (~115-110 Ka BP) is small, but it can be analyzed from the point of view of technology and typology. The ensemble under consideration has a great similarity with the stone industries of the southern complex of Kishlyansky Yar, the Stinka-Darabany locality, as well as with finds from excavation 2 and the northern complex 3 of the Ketrosy site destroyed by a quarry,

4. A complex of floodplain deposits of the Ketrosy site.

1-flake with traces of retouching and recess; 2-retouched flake of levallois; 3 - angular scraper (dejete) with a point; 4-scraper - knife with a natural edge; 5 - flake of levallois (found in clearing near a hand chopper); 6-flake of levallois with retouched edges.

where you can trace the characteristic technological features that give reason to see a single industry here. Collections of artifacts found in excavations 1 and 2, as well as in the quarry, are further designated as complexes 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

There are four items that can be classified as nuclei. One of them, which can be considered a residual single-site nucleus with a single faceted impact pad, was identified at the site of the hand chopper (see Figure 3.2). The remaining three nuclei were found in a quarry, on the surface of floodplain alluvium partially deformed by a bulldozer. Therefore, the finds are conditionally included in the complex under consideration, which belongs to the floodplain alluvium deposits of the second terrace. A nucleus with traces of convergent cleavage from one impact site, found at the rear seam of the terrace, is indisputable (see Figs. 3, 4).

Two cores that can be attributed to Levallois with signs of a planar cleavage system (the first one is single - site for obtaining flakes, and the second one has elements of convergent cleavage) have faceted sites. All three nuclei, including a small single-site one, correspond to the Levallois technology of stone splitting. The fourth nucleus with smooth and sloping impact pads is non-Levallois (see Figs. 3, 6). Massive Cleckton flakes were removed from it, which are common in the collection. In this case, we are dealing with two technologies that made it possible to obtain chips of the Levallois and Clecton types.

The flakes in the collection, including lamellar ones, show signs of both Levallois and Clecton. Along with elongated lamellar flakes, the collection includes shortened ones that can be perceived either as unsuccessful or as "technical chips". However, it cannot be ruled out that some of them, in particular the massive Cleckton flakes, were "blanks" for the manufacture of special tools - massive scrapers and/or points. The latter are found on neighboring monuments. The chips of the collection under consideration are mostly of medium and even large sizes-from 50 to 117 mm. The combination of Levallois and Klekton techniques in one industry is typical for the industries of the southern Kishlyansky Yar complex, as well as Stinki-Darabany, complexes 2 and 3 of the Ketrosy parking lot (Anisyutkin, 2001).

Among the products with traces of secondary processing, a special place is occupied by a hand chopper, which, according to petrographer N. B. Selivanova, is made of a quartic fragment of gray siltstone (see Figs. 3, 7). In accordance with the requirements of methodology F. Borda this tool can be defined as a triangular-shaped chopper (Anisyutkin, 1998, p. 34).

Another expressive tool should be described as a massive scraper-a knife with a natural edge (see Figure 4.4). The working edge of this tool, made on a natural tile of black stratified flint, is decorated with large facets of flattened retouching, and the sharp cutting edge is additionally highlighted by toothed processing. A relatively sharp blade with elements of the so-called sharpening retouching that creates a jagged contour, as well as the presence of a natural edge, make it possible to describe the object as a scraper-knife with an edge [Kukharchuk, 1994, pp. 75-77]. It can be perceived, in my opinion, as a variant of the Keilmesser knife, but with elements of one-sided processing.

The chopper on a fragment of reservoir flint with a fractured structure has one slightly convex working edge, highlighted by a scaly retouch. The tool can also be considered as a rough scraper with a natural edge on a massive fragment of flint (see Figs. 3, 5).

Chopping is made on a rounded fragment of flint pebbles of a slightly extended shape. Working edge,

Figure 5. Map of the location of Paleolithic monuments in the Shipot and Kishlyansk yars.

1-Shipot-1, -2; 2-Kishlyansky Yar (northern and southern localities); 3-Ketrosy (excavations 1 and 2); 4-Machine location-Darabany; 5-Shipot-3. The inset shows a map of Shipot locations-1 (1), -2 (2). Dotted lines mark the borders of monuments.

having a zigzag profile, it is distinguished by a series of contiguous recesses (see Figs. 3, 7).

A point on an elongated lamellar chip of large dimensions, the sharp end of which is highlighted by the intersection of the natural surface and the retouched edge, can be considered a combined tool that combines the point and a deep Cleckton notch.

Other forms can be attributed to scrapers. The group includes: simple convex on a massive lamellar flake; angular on a small but massive flake; with a highlighted tip (see Figs. 4, 3) and diagonal with a jagged working edge. Single samples are represented by excavated and toothed tools. The remaining flint products can be considered as flakes with traces of semi-circular and fine retouching of the edges. Four products are presented, including one with signs of micro-toothed retouching. Some finds, if we keep in mind slightly rolled objects, may contain facets of pseudo-retouching, which in most cases is not jagged.

In general, the industry is similar to the materials of the Ripiceni-Izvor site, which were also found in the alluvium of the second above-floodplain terrace of the Prut, which dates back to the Riess-Wurmian period (Paunescu, 1993, pp. 26-30). It is quite likely that the Romanian finds, given their similarity to the artifacts from the Ketrosa site, are of a later age and are synchronous with ours.

Shipot-2. The location is located next to the Ketrosy parking lot, about 1 km upstream of the Dniester River, in a nearby side valley with a permanent watercourse. This area is called Yar Shipot by locals. The location is located on the north-eastern slope of the cape, which is a fragment of a high (fourth) above-flood terrace, on the surface of which the Trypillian settlement and the Shipot-1 Paleolithic site are located. The cape is formed by two ravines; the eastern one, located downstream, is called Shipot, and the western one is called Ryaboy (Kaplevsky) Yar (Anisyutkin, 1975, 2001).

The monument under consideration is located relative to the talweg of the Shipota Valley at the same height (approx. 10 m) as Ketrosy, on the left side of the valley (Fig. 5). According to geologists, this surface, leaning here against the fourth terrace, corresponds to the surface of the second above-flood terrace in Ketrosy. The alluvium overlying sediments are quite strongly deformed, taking into account the location of the object directly at the mouth of the Yar, i.e. almost on the border with the Dniester valley proper.

The monument has so far been investigated only in advance. The archaeological material was found in a small excavation (area of approx. 10 ^m2). The first excavations were carried out in 1978 by P. G. Pavlov, a research associate of my expedition, a Leningrad archaeologist (Anisyutkin and Pavlov, 1979). In 1982, I started small-scale work on the site of a small quarry for the extraction of stone from the alluvium base. Here on a plot of approx. 2 m ², located approximately 18-19 m north of P. G. Pavlov's excavation, several flint flakes and two fragments of tubular horse bones identified by paleozoologist N. M. Ermolova (IIMK RAS) were found in the lower horizon.

As a result of these preliminary studies, the following generalized stratigraphy was obtained, represented by two sections:

1. A layer of loess-like loam of light brown color. Power 2 m.

2. Light yellow sand layer. Power up to 0.1 m.

3. Calcareous sandy loam of greenish-yellow color with inclusion of small pebbles. Power up to 0.1 m.

4. Pebbles made from partially rolled rubble and rolled pebbles. Power up to 1 m.

Stone products and isolated fragments of horse bones were found at the base of sandy loam (layer 3) and the roof of pebbles. Faunal remains correspond to

6. Flint products made of Shipot-2.

1-disk-shaped nucleus; 2 - beak-shaped scraper; 3 - taiyak point; 4-rabo - shaped scraper; 5 - scraper at the end and on the platform; 6 - raclette; 7 - prismatic nucleus; 8-combined tool.

deposits of floodplain alluvium of the second above-floodplain terrace of the Dniester River. As in Ketros, Shipot-2 does not have an expressive cultural layer. The loess-like loam overlying the alluvium is probably more recent. It was re-deposited on the eroded surface of alluvial deposits. In the lower part of the loess-like loam, a fragment of bone (noble?)was found. a deer.

The collection of stone products is represented by 33 objects, 12 of them are found on the surface (Fig. 6), the rest are from Quaternary deposits. The starting material for them was coarse stratified chalcedony flint of gray and black color, as well as pebble of dark gray color. The first one absolutely prevails, 30 products are made of it, and three are made of pebbles. Raw materials were extracted within the parking lot: either in scree directly on the site of the ancient floodplain joining to the high fourth terrace, in the rock base of which (as in Ketros) there are outcrops of stratified flint, or in pebbles directly in the bed of the ancient Dniester. Most flint products have no patina and retain their natural color. Only three products are covered with patina: one is a deep white patina, the rest is white and blue. An intensely patinated toothed tool was found directly in the layer, on the surface of the pebbles (Figs. 7, 4); probably, the deposits overlying the pebbles were destroyed here, so some artifacts were found on the surface. The rest of the products with a slight patina - lifting material; it was found on a dirt road laid on a slope, directly at the edge of the location. Among flint products, weakly rolled ones predominate. This is also typical of the alluvial complex of the Ketrosy site, but this feature is more pronounced there (Anisyutkin, 2001). This indicates the occurrence of stone artifacts in the same type of deposits.

The collection includes seven small-sized nuclei (31-75 mm across), which are-

7. Flint products made of Shipot-2.

1-scraper; 2-combined tool-a toothed knife with a retouched edge and an angular cutting edge; 3 - a retouched chip; 4 - a toothed scraper on the primary chip; 5 - a pebble with a recess; 6 - a toothed tool; 7 - a side taiyak tip; 8-a scraper.

most likely, they are residual. Relatively large fragments and fragments of stratified flint blocks and relatively small pebbles of gray flint were used as the initial forms. Nuclei include: single-site ("Stink" type) shortened; two disk-shaped (Fig. 6, 1), two rough prismatic (Fig. 6, 7) and two atypical. Unary areas are either naturally smooth or have one or more cleavages, and only in two cases are they faceted. No Levallois forms were found. In general, the shape and nature of processing of the nuclei are similar to some items from the lower layer of Stinky-1.

Flakes and fragments were used as" chips-blanks". The latter are very numerous, which can be explained, in particular, by the low quality of the source material available at hand. It should be noted that, judging by the collection, similar raw materials were widely used in the Ketrosa parking lot, but the use of natural debris and fragments was insignificant. For expressive flakes, smooth, less often dihedral shock pads are typical. Most of them are broad and sloping, with extensive shock bumps. Flakes with similar signs of cleavage are noted in Ketros, but there are only a few massive and shortened ones. There are no plates, there are no chips with purely parallel shots. Only one relatively thin and small flake with a convex facetted area can be very conditionally described as atypical Levallois (Figs. 7, 3). The presence of both relatively large and small items in the collection is significant, which can only partially be explained by the low quality of reservoir flint. This feature is characteristic of earlier industries that are older than Amersfoort [Ibid.]. Nevertheless, in all industries similar to the complex of stone products from the lower layers of the Old Duruitor grotto, as well as Mersiny, Bobulesti-5, Yarovo, Osypka, small artifacts predominate, the length of which (along the cleavage axis) does not exceed 50 mm.

14 guns are allocated. An interesting pebble tool on fine flint shingle, the transverse working element of which is highlighted by the Cleckton notch (Figs. 7, 5). Three different scrapers were found, including a scraper with a straight working edge made on a flint fragment, it has a corner cutting edge highlighted by a notch. The latter feature allows us to consider the tool as a combined tool-a scraper and a beak-shaped cutter (see Figs. 6, 2). The second product on a flint fragment can also be considered as a combined tool, which combines elements of a simple convex scraper, a scraper and a chisel-shaped tool. The third scraper, made on a chip, can be attributed to a transverse one with a diagonally positioned blade (see Fig. 7, 1). A high-shaped scraper with a working edge marked out by a series of elongated microchips is made on a nucleoid fragment (see Fig. 6, 4). An atypical puncture is made on a small chip. There are four toothed guns. One of them on a large and massive flake with a length of 81 mm has two working elements in combination with a transverse recess on the removed impact pad (see Fig. 6, 8). The second one, made on a massive primary chip, is characterized by a deep white patina (see Figs. 7, 4). The third toothed tool has a sinuous blade on a tiny chip, made with relatively large notches (see Figures 7, 6). The fourth tool is very remarkable with a transverse rim decorated with a steep "counter" retouching; its analogues are found on a number of monuments: the grotto of Starye Duruitori (lower layers), Yarovo, the grotto of Buzduzhany-1, Machine parking-1 (bottom layer). In Shipot-2, a specific shaped knife with an edge was found, the main working element of which is located at the corner of a sharp blade, highlighted by a large notch and additionally decorated with a jagged retouch (see Figs. 7, 2). You should pay attention to an interesting find, which can be considered as an atypical Taiyak point or a jagged tool with a point; similar products available in the collection of the lower layer of Stinky-1 (see Figs. 7, 7). Another navicular shape with rough incisor chips, which is common in the lower layer of Stinky-1 industry, can be perceived as a multi-facet incisor. Also to the tools, although not quite expressive, you can include a small flake with a small edge notch, which highlights a small working element formed by double-sided retouching and micro-incisive chips.

Especially important and indicative is the scraper on the impact site of a massive and large flake; it should be perceived as a combined tool with two scraper working edges - on the impact site and the end face (see Figs. 6, 5). This form is characteristic of the group of Middle Paleolithic monuments of the Duruitoro-Stinkovsky unity. We are talking about two different-time industries - "duruitorskaya" and "stinkovskaya" (Stinkovsky "preselet"), connected by a significant similarity of a number of technical and typological features. It is significant that scrapers on the impact sites of flakes are found on monuments not only of the Middle, but also of the Upper Paleolithic of the region. Additionally, we can note two retouched flakes, one of which (see Figs. 6, 6) can be described as raclette (Bordes, 1961, p. 37).

A small collection of the Shipot-2 site is characterized by a combination of expressive forms and elements of primary and secondary processing, which sharply distinguish it from the Ketrosy site complex described above. The differences are evident in both the technique of primary and secondary processing of flint,

both in the form of nuclei and in the set of tools. The Levallois elements and the general lamellar structure of the blanks are poorly represented on the monument under consideration, and the Clecton technique of primary splitting prevails.

Scree. The location was discovered as early as 1968 (Anisyutkin, 1977, 2001). It is possible that it is located very close to the well - known Khotin locality, discovered by P. I. Boriskovsky back in 1946 [Boriskovsky, 1953, pp. 63-64], but whether the Scree is part of Khotin is unclear. In any case, individual stone products collected by P. I. Boriskovsky on bichevnik lay directly under the outcrop. They could have ended up in the river as a result of some sediments sliding into the water. The location is approximately 500-600 m upstream from the Khotyn Fortress, almost opposite the confluence of the Zhvanets River with the Dniester, on the western outskirts of Ataki village, Khotyn district, Chernivtsi region (Ukraine). It is located on a peculiar promontory formed from the south and southeast by a gravel pit, and from the north by a small ravine. This terrace was identified by geologists as the second above-floodplain terrace of the Dniester River (Ivanova, 1969). Currently, this area is completely destroyed by a gravel pit (Figure 8). The location was revealed upstream of the Dniester River from the Kishlyansky Yar and Shipot Yar sites.

The main research began in 1968: the initial clearing of the exposure of the eastern wall of the quarry was carried out, a small trench (dimensions 2x5 m) was laid, to which a section of ² m2 was then cut from the east. In total, more than 20 ^m2 were excavated. At the very beginning, the excavations were visited by the famous Soviet Paleolithic researcher SI. Bibikov, who gave some very useful tips.

The modern day surface of the terrace on which the location is located has a slight slope to the river, its steepness increases towards the edge of the terrace. The Quaternary deposits lying above the alluvium are of insignificant thickness, which gradually increases with distance from the river. The following stratigraphy is revealed:

1. A soil and vegetation layer partially covered by a layer of loose earth. Power up to 0.35 m.

2. Brown clay loam. Power up to 0.40 m.

3. Sandy loam is calcareous, light brown in color, with sandy layers and inclusions of pebbles and gravel. Power up to 1 m.

4. Shingle (channel facies of alluvium). Visible power up to 1 m.

Stone products were found mainly at the base of layer 2. However, according to observations made during the clearing of the western part of the trench (2x5 m) facing the quarry, in the lower (northern) half, directly above the Dniester, in sq. 1 stone products were scattered almost throughout the entire thickness of the brown loam, although they were mainly concentrated in the lower part. In sq. 4, located higher up the slope, the finds were grouped already at the base of this loam, and in the most extreme sq. 5-directly on the surface lying below the sandy loam. Moreover, the stone products found in sq. 5 had calcareous deposits on the lower planes, indicating a connection between the finds and carbonate deposits of this sandy loam. It is important to pay attention to the fact that all intensely patinated stone products without calcareous deposits are either a few lifting materials collected under the outcrop, or finds from the extreme squares directly above the Dniester. It is interesting that higher up the slope, in the eastern wall of the gravel pit, there are deposits of the allocated layer 3, overlain here by a low-thickness layer 2 (approx. 15-18 cm), lie slightly above the upper level of the roof of the brown layer with redeposited flint products of the Middle Paleolithic appearance, located on sq. 1, directly above the river.

Figure 8. Map showing the location of Paleolithic monuments in the area of the Osypka locality.

1-Machine-1; 2-4-Stinka-2-4; 5-Scree.

Fig. 9. Stone tools made of Scree.

1-a beak-shaped point with a retouched edge; 2 - a quartzite beak - shaped point; 3-a knife with a serrated blade and a processed edge; 4-a beak-shaped cutter with micro-cutter chips and a retouched transverse edge (bill-hook).

After the end of the excavation, when examining the" section " of the quarry in the eastern wall, several flint products were identified that lay directly in layer 3. Among them, a beak-shaped tool, which can be attributed to the bill-hook type, is of particular interest (Fig.9, 4). Such forms are typical tools of the Clecton industry in England (Collins, 1968; Gamble, 1985, p. 145).

All the stone products that make up a single complex were located in the floodplain alluvium of the second above-floodplain terrace of the Dniester River, which is represented by layered deposits of carbonate sandy loam with layers of pebbles and gravel. The finds are clearly redeposited. Initially, they were located in alluvial deposits, but as a result of later plane erosion, they ended up in the brown loam of the final Pleistocene.

The Scree collection contains more than a hundred stone products, including nuclei, tools and industrial waste. The tools were made of pebbly and stratified flint, as well as quartzite and quartzite-like sandstone. The latter is common for all collections of the Stinkovo group of monuments, including the Stinkovo-1 site, but is not represented or accidental for typical moutier sites in the region.

Almost all products are covered with patina (from very intense on both sides to less intense on one side). On some items, a characteristic chandelier can be traced.

There are 104 items in the collection. Most of them were discovered during excavations, as well as materials from collections on the surface (under the outcrop) and at the clearing site. The collection includes 43 tools, 14 nuclei, 27 flakes, 11 fragments with cleavage marks, nine scales and the smallest flakes (Anisyutkin, 2001).

Nuclei can be divided into single-site (3 units), disc-shaped unilateral (3 units), spherical, or multi-site (2 units), atypical (6 units) (Fig. 10). Small ones predominate, which can be considered as residual. The initial stage is represented by three atypical nuclei. The largest of them is more than 100 mm across. The dimensions of other nuclei vary from 40 to 60 mm. All nuclei are massive in cross-section, shortened, without facetted impact pads (signs of only minimal tweaking are noted). Among the latter, dihedral ones predominate, which can be perceived as a set of smooth ones.

Nuclei from Scree and Shipot-2 differ significantly from the corresponding forms from the Ketrosa site not only in size and shape, but also in the degree of their utilization during primary cleavage.

Among the chips, massive flakes of irregular shape and small size predominate. A lot of shortened flakes, the length of which is less than the width. They account for almost half (43 %) of all detectable chips. Detectable samples are distributed by size as follows: less than 40 mm-42 units, from 40 to 50 mm-16 units, from 50 to 60 mm-4 units, more than 60 mm-4 units.

Fig. 10. Stone products made of Scree.

1-5 - nuclei; 6-a scraper on a fragment of flint; 7-a puncture in combination with a transverse notch; 8-a toothed tool with a nuclear-type truncation; 9 - a beak-shaped micro-tool with a flat incisor chip.

On a relatively large chip, a beak-shaped cutter (bill - hook) is made, the length of which along the cleavage axis is 79 mm, as well as a toothed tool-a knife with an edge treated with "counter" retouching, its length is 68 mm (see Figs. 9, 3). There are no Levallois flakes or plates. There are only two rough plates in the collection, which differ from flakes only in that their length is more than twice the width. There were no chipped blanks suitable for the manufacture of tools.

The following technical indexes correspond to the products (according to F. Board): IL-O, IF-18, Ilam-3,3, ICl-51. The Levallois index, as already noted, is 0. Low is the index of corrected (roughly faceted) pads, which are based on dihedral shock pads. The plate index (Ilam) is also negligible, but the Cleckton index (ICL) is quite high, which is characterized by smooth and beveled impact pads. There are numerous massive flakes with large impact bumps, the number of which determined a very significant massiveness index (more than 30).

Almost all guns are made on the whole "blanks", allocated in this complex conditionally. Undoubtedly, fragmented flakes are rare.

Items with traces of secondary processing (tools) are relatively plentiful. The so-called Mousterian group (according to F. Board) is relatively small in number. There are no spikelets in the collection. Atypical scrapers are represented by three samples. A scraper with a straight working edge is made on a fragment of flint pebbles. The working edge is decorated with a scaly retouch, the edge of the blade is additionally decorated with a micro-toothed one. A scraper with a convex working edge is made on natural debris. The scraper with a concave working edge differs slightly from the excavated tool, made on a massive Cleckton chip. The working edge is highlighted with a rough scaly retouch.

The Upper Paleolithic group of products is represented by a typical high-shaped scraper on a massive chip (see Figs. 10, 6), an atypical chisel, a puncture on a thin chip (see Figs. 10, 7), and two knives with retouched edges. For the latter, massive rib-shaped flakes were used, and the edges were highlighted by vertical ("counter") retouching (see Figs. 9, 3).

There are relatively numerous excavated tools (8 units). Among them, there are three Clecton tools, one grooved one, which is a variety of Clecton tools, and four simple ones with retouched recesses.

A series of toothed tools is expressive: six scraper-shaped, three with saw blades and two with side points. A knife with a natural edge is represented by a single sample.

Of particular interest is a series of expressive beak-shaped tools that repeat all the characteristic forms identified in the collection of the lower layer of the Stinka-1 parking lot, located several hundred meters upstream, but on a high terrace. There are six beak-shaped cutters, including a typical bill-hook, two points and two chisel-shaped tools. Massive points have edges: natural (see Fig. 9, 2), as well as highlighted by a vertical ("counter") retouch, during the application of which part of the impact pad was removed (see Fig. 9, 1). Chisel-shaped shapes have narrow ("chisel-like") working edges.

A series of scrapers on the impact pads of flakes is represented by three samples. One of them is a combined tool, which combines elements of a scraper and a beak-shaped chisel-like tool.

There are only three guns that can be described as chopper-shaped. They differ from genuine choppers in that they are made not on pebbles, but on flint fragments, as well as in the features of secondary processing - it is only two-sided.

A disc-shaped tool made on a small chip is of interest; its working edge is highlighted by a castling and double-sided retouching. Similar forms are known in almost all collections of this Middle Paleolithic variant, but they are absent in the materials of the typical Mousterian.

Thus, the stone industry of Scree is represented by a more numerous collection than the Shipota-2 industry, but its technical and typological features allow us to assume that both complexes belong to the same Middle Paleolithic variant. Both are characterized by the non-Valloise cleavage technique with few lamellar cleavages and the predominance of massive flakes with mostly smooth and beveled shortened impact pads.

Among products with traces of secondary processing, scrapers on chip sites, high-shaped tools, including points and scraper-shaped tools, as well as various beak-shaped tools are of primary importance. It is indicative of the presence of guns with pads highlighted by a steep "counter" retouch. Similar features typical of the Osypka and Shipota-2 collections are absent in the industries of both typical Mustier and Mikok, but they are common in the complexes of regional monuments belonging to a single variant of the Middle Paleolithic, including the lower layers of the Old Duruitori and Vykhvatinci grottoes, the Mersina, Bobulesti-5, Jarovo, lower Stinki-1 sites [Ketraru, 1973; Anisyutkin, 2001].

Comparing collections and determining the age of monuments

I will give quantitative indicators of collections of monuments belonging to the Duruitoro-Stinkovo unity, leaving out of consideration (due to the small number of collections) the location of Shipot-2 (Table 1).

The table shows the similarity of quantitative technical and typological indicators of the compared industries. In the first two monuments, few tools were found; their number is not enough to identify the corresponding indices. Numerous collections are characteristic of the lower layers 3 and 4 of the Old Duruitori grotto, as well as the Bobulesti-5 and Jarovo localities. There are very few tools with signs of double-sided processing, their share, as a rule, barely exceeds 2 %. The group of tools of the Middle Paleolithic appearance is diverse, not numerous; the exception is the Yarovo complex. There are relatively many "Upper Paleolithic" forms in the collections, as well as crenellated tools.

The typical moutier, which is represented by collections of monuments such as Ketros and Stankarabans, corresponds to higher indices of levallois, faceting and plates. The index of Clecton flakes is quite high, but does not reach 40. The percentage of characteristic groups of the compared variants is very significant. First of all, this applies to the groups of the "Upper Paleolithic" and toothed tools, although the "Mousterian" group itself differs not only in quantitative indicators, but also in the presence of expressive pointy points in a typical mousterian, as well as the good quality of various scrapers processed with typical Mousterian retouching.

The compared complexes show similarities in the presence of such indicative shapes as scrapers on the impact pads of flakes; high-shaped tools, including beak-shaped ones (points, "chisels", cutters); products with edges marked with steep (steep), "counter" retouching (Table 2).

In contrast, collections from the Mousterian layer of the Ketrosy site were used, including materials from both excavated complexes, as well as a collection of flint products from the neighboring site of Stank-Darabany. The latter's stone inventory is similar to the stone inventory of Complex 2 of the Ketrosa parking lot.

Table 1. Technical and typological indicators of monuments belonging to the Duruitoro-Stinkovo unity and typical Moustya

Table 2. Forms of tools and elements of secondary processing, typical for monuments of the Duruitoro-Stinkovsky unity*

* The presence of signs is marked with a cross.

It is obvious that the collated collections, which were previously included in the " duruitoro-Stinkov unity "(Anisyutkin, 2001), have all the fullness of their characteristic features. Only in the collection of the lower layer of Stinky-1 there are several very expressionless obushkov forms with elements of "counter" retouching; this expressiveness may be due to the quality of raw materials from which similar knife-shaped tools are made.

The stone structures of the sites of Ketrosy-1, -2 and Stinka-Darabany, which belong to the typical mustier, are sharply different from all the complexes of the "Duruitoro-Stinkovsky unity". The comparable industries of the typical Mousterian are chronologically close to the "alluvial" complex: they are separated by no more than 5 thousand years. Unfortunately, the collection of tools from excavation 2 of the Ketrosy site, which is probably closer to the alluvial complex of the same site in terms of technical and typological parameters, is small and cannot be taken into account in statistical analysis. To some extent, it can be replaced by the Stinky-Darabana collection, which has more than 50 guns. By the way, the two beak-shaped tools identified in Complex 2 of the Ketrosa parking lot differ from similar forms of the "Duruitoro-Stinkovsky unity". In terms of secondary processing techniques and tool sets, this complex, including the Stinki-Darabani collections and the Ketrosa sites, which belong to a typical mustier, differs sharply from the industry that should be called Duruitori (the lower layers of the Old Duruitori grotto, Bobulesti-5, Jarovo, Shipot-2, Osypka); it represents an early stage of the "unity" under consideration.".

The collections of the Ketrosy site, the Shipot-2 (lower site) and Osypka localities described here, which are associated with the floodplain alluvium of the second above-floodplain terrace of the Dniester, have a very reliable date. The floodplain alluvium of this terrace is known to belong to the very beginning of the last Wurm glaciation and corresponds, according to the scheme of N. S. Bolikhovskaya, to the first Early Valdai cooling and the "Ketros" (first Early Valdai) interstadial, comparable to the Amersfoort interstadial (Bolikhovskaya, 1995, p. 113). However, according to I. K. Ivanova, the floodplain deposits of the sections of the Ketrosy site are of Amersfoort age [1982]. They are probably comparable to the initial inter-stage episode of the ancient Wurm (the 25th episode of Dansgaard-Osher), which is about 110 thousand years old (Stepanchuk, 2006, p. 135). It can be confidently stated that during the period corresponding to OIS 5, two Middle Paleolithic variants co-existed on the territory of Pridnestrovie. One of them is defined as a typical moustache, the second-as a special variant, partially comparable to the European taiyak. And the first one, if we take into account the presence in the collection of a typical hand chopper and a massive knife with a butt, can be described as a mikok.

The Mikoka industry is represented in the middle layer of the Vyhvatintsy grotto in sediments of the beginning of the Late Pleistocene, corresponding either to the Mikulinsky Interglacial or to the very beginning of the Wurm (OIS 5). Expressive Mycokian bifaces were found in the grotto, which were accompanied by tools on flakes and plates of the Levallois type (Anisyutkin, 2001). In general, if we take into account only the tools on flakes, we can conclude that this version of the "eastern mikok" is almost indistinguishable from the variety of the regional typical moutier. This similarity is also shown by later industries from the Mousterian strata of the neighboring Ripiceni Izvor site, located on the right bank of the Prut River; here, numerous bifaces were found only in the upper layers 4 and 5 (Paunescu, 1993). This type of typical mustier is represented, in particular, by the collections of complexes 2 and 3 of the Ketrosy site, the Stinki-Darabany and Kishlyansky Yar localities (northern locality), which were previously described by me as the Severomoldava group (Anisyutkin, 1982, p.14), and can be defined as the Mustiero-Mikok group. This is due to the constant presence in the collections of stone products of this type of typical Moustier typical and expressive, though isolated, Mycokian forms. The latter are not found in the Levallois-Moutier region (Molodoyu-1 and -5, Pronyatin, complex 1 of the Ketrosy parking lot).

Conclusion

The considered materials from three localities, which relate to reliably dated deposits, allow us to draw a number of conclusions about the features of the Middle Paleolithic development in the southwestern part of the Russian Plain.

The collection of flint products from the alluvial complex of the Ketrosy site is primarily comparable with stratified collections from the 2nd above-lying cultural layer of excavation 2, as well as with the Mikok collection of the middle layer of the Vyhvatintsy grotto. The similarity is shown in the cleavage products (debitage), as well as in the presence of typical cuts (one is Mycotic, the other is triangular).

The collections of stone products of Osypki and Shipota-2 (lower layer) are similar to the collections of Bobulesti-5 and Jarovo localities, as well as the complexes of stone products from the lower layers of the Vyhvatinci and Stari Duruitori grottoes. Stone products and numerous animal bones from grottoes can be attributed to the Riss and Miculina Interglacial, but the Bobulesti-5 locality complex, represented by uplift material (Ketraru, 1973; Anisiutkin, 2001), is indistinguishable from stratified ones. If we take into account the stratigraphy of monuments from floodplain alluvium, the entire array of monuments under consideration can be associated with the upper chronological boundary, which is the Amersfoort interstadial. Naturally, some sites, if we take into account the significant archaism of the stone products of Mersyn and Yarovo, as well as the stratigraphic position of cave monuments with the Taiyak industry (the lower layers of the Vyhvatintsy and Starye Duruitor caves), should be considered more ancient. They can be dated to the Riess-Wurm (Mikulinsky) and Ries times.

It can be argued that in the early period of the late Pleistocene, i.e., about 110-105 KA BP, two Middle Paleolithic variants co-existed in the region, one of which belongs to the so-called big Mousterian complex with noticeable elements of Mikoka and Levallois, and the second is a very peculiar technocomplex, comparable in general terms to the Tayyak, in which laminosity and levallois elements were in their infancy. The "Cleckton" technology prevails, and among the tools there are numerous forms on massive flakes and fragments - points and scraper-shaped tools of high shapes. A variety of tools that have been subjected to dredging and gear processing are widely used.

The co-existence of the two variants continued during the time corresponding to OIS 4 and 3. However, the stone industries of this period, related, in particular, to the Stinkovsky "preselet" of the lower Stanki-1 layer and the eastern mikok, which is well represented by the collections of layers 4 and 5 of the Ripicheni-Izvor site, differed from the earlier ones in the presence of relatively numerous products with elements of double-sided processing, in particular, leaf-shaped points.

It is important to note that at the early stage of development, both variants, which initially differed significantly in technical and typological indicators, had almost no bifacial forms. The relative abundance of bifaces in the middle layer of the Vyhvatintsy grotto cannot serve as a significant argument for excluding the monument from the "unity", given the small size of the collection and the possible facies specifics of the complex, possibly due to the specialization of the hunting camp. If we use the stratigraphic columns of the Ripiceni-Izvor (Paunescu, 1993) and Stinki-1 (Anisyutkin, 2005) sites as the most expressive indicator, bilaterally processed tools become numerous and typical only after about 60 thousand years AGO, i.e. at the end of the period comparable to OIS 4 or at the beginning of the time interval corresponding to OIS 3.

The previously proposed explanation of the phenomenon of the almost sudden appearance of relatively numerous leaf-shaped bifaces in the upper layers 4 and 5 of Ripicheni Izvor and in the lower layer of Stinki-1, which is related to the Mikok influence [Ibid.], has not yet been refuted by anyone. However, the source of this influence is still not clear enough. A suitable object for elucidating this question - the middle layer of the Vyhvatintsy grotto with typical Mikokian forms-is represented by a very small (but expressive) collection of stone products without leaf - shaped bifaces (Anisyutkin, 2001, pp. 107-114). However, if we keep in mind the ancient layer III of the Veliky Glybochok site in the territory of neighboring Podolia, which can be (following A. S. Sytnik) conditionally attributed to the eastern Mikok, but already of the Roman period (Sitnik, 2000), it should be noted that its industry, found directly in the cultural layer, contains mainly fragments of biface leaf-shaped forms [Ibid., p. 127]. The latter are very similar to similar tools from the lower layer of Stinki-1 and some bifaces from layers 4 and 5 of Ripicheni-Izvor. However, a more or less satisfactory solution to the problem of linking these industries requires verification and depends on additional materials.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 18.01.08.

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